In a paper by Ian McDonough on patients with Alzheimers diseases, the results indicated a rapid decline in fluid intelligence whilst crystallized intelligence gradually declined. Research suggests that a decline in fluid intelligence could be a result of local atrophy of the brain in the right cerebellum, a lack of practice, or the result of age-related changes in the brain.
In a study done by John Horn and Raymond Cattel, the mean level of fluid intelligence was systematically higher for younger adults (relative to older adults). On the other hand, fluid intelligence increases through childhood and peaks at adolescence around 20 years of age and then declines in adulthood. In a study by John Horn and Raymond Cattel in 1967, the mean level of crystallized intelligence was systematically higher for older adults (relative to younger adults). It is important to note that crystallized intelligence grows throughout adulthood, as a person continues to learn and experience different things. It then begins to slow down and then stabilizes. Crystallized intelligence increases as you age and gain more life experience. Related: Crystallized intelligence: Everything you need to knowįluid Intelligence vs Crystallized Intelligence in relation to agingĪnother significant difference between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence is the impact of aging. It is therefore clear to see that whilst fluid intelligence is linked to working memory, crystallized intelligence is linked to procedural and declarative memory. These memories are a result of learning or experience hence the reason why their processes are believed to be closely related to those of crystallized intelligence. Declarative and procedural memory are encoded memories that are recalled subconsciously or consciously, respectively. These processes lead to general and specialized knowledge and wisdom based on facts and past experiences. On the other hand, crystallized intelligence is associated with processes related to procedural and declarative memory. They both lead to complex thought processing and problem-solving when individuals are presented with new information. This is to say that the processes underlying working memory and fluid intelligence are related. Most theorists believe that the relationship between working memory and fluid intelligence is not causal but that it is similar at the executive level.
Tests of working memory capacity and fluid intelligence measure complementary processes that facilitate complex cognition. Working memory capacity and fluid intelligence have been demonstrated to be strongly correlated traits. Working memory is described as a limited capacity system that temporarily stores information and processes it, making it possible for the individual to perform complex activities, such as reasoning, learning, and understanding. Research suggests that working memory plays a fundamental role in fluid intelligence. These core abilities are drawn upon to engage in complex thought, solve problems, and function in everyday life. This essay will look at the differences and similarities between fluid and crystallized intelligence in relation to cognitive functioning, aging, and memory.įluid Intelligence vs Crystallized Intelligence in relation to memoryįluid ability is associated with processes underlying intelligence that include processing speed, working memory, and reasoning. In other words, fluid intelligence is the capacity to reason under new conditions. Crystallized intelligence involves knowledge that comes from prior learning and past experiences, while fluid intelligence is the ability to think abstractly, reason quickly, and solve problems independently of any previously acquired knowledge. The Cattell-Horn theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence suggests that intelligence is composed of different abilities that interact and work together to produce overall individual intelligence. Cattel later developed this theory with his student John Horn. Raymond Cattel believed that intelligence comprised of multiple constructs which he put into two categories, namely fluid and crystallized intelligence. The theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence was first introduced in 1963 by British-American Psychologist Raymond Cattel.
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